What is the difference (in the oil content) between 5W30 and 10W30?

The bigger the difference between the cold oil viscosity (the # before the 'W') and the hot oil viscosity, the more amount of viscosity modifier is put in and hence, contain less volume of base stock.

There have been instances where the larger amount of viscosity modifiers that are present in 5W30 have broken down due to excessive heat and have left carbon deposits on the valves, but this is extremely rare. The proper fix would be to reduce the excessive heat, but the workaround was to use an oil with less viscosity modifiers.